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IN DETAIL: Why Are Wages In Spain So Low?

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Salaries in Spain are notoriously low and have remained so for decades. Why is it that economic progress doesn’t translate into higher incomes for Spaniards and foreigners in the country?

According to the latest data available from Spain’s national stats body, INE, the average annual salary in Spain is €26,948.87.

However, there’s some nuance to these numbers. There’s a big difference between the average, the ‘most frequent’ salary (the mode average) and the median salary. 

The data shows that the median wage in Spain was €22,383.11, while the modal salary (the most frequent, with 4.2 percent of total earners) was around €14,586.44, although salaries of €16,495.84 (4.2 percent of the total) and €18,494.32 (4.1 percent) were also common.

READ ALSO: Spaniards no better off than 25 years ago despite economic growth

That is to say, the headline ‘average salary’ figures aren’t really representative of how things are on the ground in Spain. In reality, wages are low and have been for many years.

This salary trend is reflected even at the upper end of the job market and economy. Managers and company directors in Spain with decades of experience might earn €50 or €60,000 per year, a salary that would be considered an early-career or even graduate-level salary in countries such as the United States.

In recent years, these pressures have been amplified by the cost of living crisis, namely inflation on things like rent and food prices. But salaries in Spain are failing to match these increases.

Put simply: Spanish salaries have been low for a long time — why is that?

Lower cost of living 

Some have argued that Spain’s lower wages are a result of, or reflection, rather, of the lower cost of living. 

It’s true that the cost of living in Spain is cheaper than in many other countries. However, this has changed, as noted above, particularly in the post-pandemic period, and as economist Ignacio De La Torre has noted, Spanish salaries are still low even with the cost of living taken into account.

Compared to Spain, average annual salaries in 2023/4 were 56 percent higher in Germany, 43 percent higher in France and 8 percent higher in Italy, according to OECD figures.

“It could be argued that salaries in Spain are lower because of the lower cost of living,” De La Torre argues. “This can be calculated by analysing purchasing power parity (PPP), and we can see that the cost of living is 38 percent higher in Germany, 23 percent higher in France and 5 percent higher in Italy. 

“From this it can be deduced that the difference in the cost of living is less than the difference in salaries,” he says, concluding: “Spanish salaries are low even when adjusted for the differential in the cost of living.”

For many business owners who are aware of how life in Spain is comparatively cheaper, there’s little incentive to offer higher wages.

Unemployment

Unemployment could also play a role here. Spain has long had one of the highest unemployment rates in Europe. In fact, in recent years it has consistently had the highest among EU countries. Eurostat data shows that unemployment in Spain was 10.4 percent in February 2025, compared to an EU average of 6.1 percent.

In some parts of Spain, such as the Andalucia and Extremadura regions, the rate is far higher than this, especially among young people.

The theory, then, is that a shortage of jobs and high unemployment makes people more likely to accept any job they can get and, therefore, lower pay.

It’s one of the reasons that stable, well-paid work is so sought after in Spain, whether it be in the supermarket chain Mercadona or realising the so-called ‘Spanish dream’ of being a civil servant funcionario.

READ ALSO: Why do so many Spaniards want to work for Mercadona supermarket?

High immigration

Immigration could also link to this. Spain has welcomed record numbers of migrants in recent years, with the foreign population now accounting for almost 14 percent of the total population, according to new data from the Funcas think tank’s annual ‘Dato del año‘ report.

Looking at the figures, the foreign population in Spain has gone from representing 11.6 percent of the total population in 2022 to 13.8 percent as of late-2024. 

The largest migrant groups tend to be from countries such as Romania and Morocco or Latin American countries like Colombia and Venezuela. These are often poorer countries where, despite the fact Spanish salaries are low on a European level, for migrants arriving in Spain could be comparatively good.

In short, why would employers and business owners hire Spaniards when they can keep costs down and pay immigrants less?

Decline of union power

The declining power of trade unions in Spain is also worth considering.

Of course, the waning power of organised labour is far from a uniquely Spanish phenomenon. The rise of the trade unions in Spain reached its peak after the death of Franco. During the Suárez presidency membership reached 44.6 percent, according to OECD data.

Over one in three Spanish workers were still union members in 1981, according to Sociological Research Team (EDIS) data. 

These figures reflected the influence of unions in the workplace, working for better pay and working conditions. something that has been waning over the years. There are many reasons for this.

However, by 2023 only 14 percent of the working population in Spain was affiliated to a trade union, meaning the majority of workers in Spain have lost their ability to easily bargain or go on strike, in essence pitting them individually against the boss or company.

It’s no coincidence that the Basque Country, the region with the highest average salaries, is also known as the ‘strike capital’ of Spain. 

READ ALSO: Why the Basque Country is the strike capital of Spain

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Economía

El Español Javier Oliván Ganó 25,5 Millones De Dólares En 2024 Como Director Operativo De Meta

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La retribución de Javier Oliván, director de operaciones de Meta, ascendió el año pasado a 25,51 millones de dolares (unos 22,4 millones de euros al tipo de cambio actual), según la convocatoria de la junta de accionistas hecha pública este jueves por la empresa. Oliván es el directivo mejor pagado de la compañía dueña de Facebook, Instagram y WhatsApp, aunque el gasto en seguridad y avión privado de Mark Zuckerberg, que solo cobra un dólar de sueldo, eleva legalmente su retribución hasta los 27,2 millones de dólares.

El sueldo del directivo español se sitúa ligeramente por debajo de los 25,56 millones de dólares de 2023. Se desglosa en 1,1 millones de salario fijo, un millón de bonus en metálico, 21,6 millones en incentivos en acciones y 1,7 millones en otras retribuciones. Casi toda esta última partida fue destinada a gastos de seguridad personal, incluida una cifra para hacer frente a los impuestos con que están gravados esos servicios.

En el caso de Zuckerberg, fundador y principal accionista de Meta, con una fortuna valorada en 178.000 millones de dólares, los 27 millones de dólares que figuran como su retribución son realidad gastos de la compañía en su seguridad y transporte. Hay 10,4 millones en concepto de “gastos relacionados con su seguridad personal en sus residencias y durante sus viajes personales” y otros 14 millones como asignación anual antes de impuestos “para cubrir los costes adicionales relacionados con la seguridad personal del señor Zuckerberg y su familia”. A eso se unen 2,6 millones asumidos por la empresa para gastos relacionados con el uso personal de aviones privados.

La retribución de Oliván es la segunda más alta entre los altos directivos de las grandes empresas cotizadas estadounidenses. La clasificación la lidera el presidente de Pepsico, Ramón Laguarta, con 28,8 millones de dólares. La retribución de Joaquín Duato, presidente y primer ejecutivo de Johnson & Johnson, fue el pasado año de 24,3 millones de dólares, según el criterio de devengo homogéneo exigido por la Comisión de Valores y Bolsa. Por su parte, Enrique Lores logró una retribución de 19,4 millones de dólares en el ejercicio 2024, cerrado el pasado 31 de octubre, como presidente y consejero delegado de la firma de ordenadores e impresoras HP.

Entre los altos directivos españoles de empresas estadounidenses cotizadas que no son los primeros ejecutivos, Manuel Arroyo se convirtió en 2024 en el segundo directivo del grupo Coca-Cola con una retribución más alta, solo por detrás del presidente y consejero delegado del grupo, James Quincey. César Cernuda, alto directivo de la firma informática NetApp, con sede en San José (California), ganó 9,5 millones de dólares en el ejercicio fiscal 2024, que en el caso de dicha compañía se cierra a finales de abril.

El avión de Oliván

La convocatoria de la junta de Meta también señala que el directivo español tiene un avión en propiedad y que la compañía le paga por el uso que hace de él para viajes de negocios. “Contratamos un avión privado que es propiedad indirecta y exclusiva de Javier Oliván y que es operado por una empresa de vuelos chárter independiente para los viajes de negocios del señor Oliván. En determinadas ocasiones, el señor Oliván puede ir acompañado de invitados cuando utiliza dicho avión, y algunos miembros de nuestro personal también pueden utilizarlo para viajes de negocios“, dice el documento.

“Por todos estos usos, pagamos una cantidad acorde con las tarifas de mercado para viajes similares, de conformidad con una política escrita supervisada por nuestro comité de auditoría y supervisión de riesgos y nuestro comité de compensación, nombramientos y gobernanza. En 2024, pagamos aproximadamente 412.000 dólares por viajes de negocios en dicho avión”, añade.

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Alexandre de Moraes

Brasil Choca Con España Por La Negativa Judicial De Conceder La Extradición De Un Bolsonarista

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El brasileño Oswaldo Eustaquio Filho, durante su declaración el pasado 3 de abril en la vista de extradición celebrada en la Audiencia Nacional.

El caso por la extradición de un bolsonarista, que se instaló en España en 2023 para eludir al Tribunal Supremo de Brasil, ha empañado la fluida relación entre ambos países. La decisión de la Audiencia Nacional española de rechazar, el lunes pasado, la entrega de Oswaldo Eustaquio Filho, reclamado por participar en la conspiración golpista, fue respondida a las pocas horas por el juez que instruye el caso en Brasil, Alexandre de Moraes, con dos decisiones en represalia: dejó en suspenso un proceso de extradición solicitado por España y pidió públicamente explicaciones a la embajadora en Brasilia en un plazo de cinco días. Mientras, el Gobierno de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva prepara el recurso que presentará ante la Audiencia Nacional en Madrid y el Ejecutivo español mantiene silencio.

Oswaldo Eustaquio Filho, un periodista de 46 años, es un activista bolsonarista al que el Supremo de Brasil procesó por golpismo y por difundir noticias falsas. Brasil lo reclama por incitar a los seguidores del expresidente Jair Bolsonaro a perpetrar actos antidemocráticos contra el Tribunal Supremo y por exponer públicamente a comisarios de la policía que han investigado casos de golpismo para intimidarlos. En 2023, llegó a Madrid y presentó una petición de asilo porque se considera víctima de una persecución política.

Para el juez de Moraes, el rechazo de la Audiencia Nacional a la petición de entrega supone “una falta de respeto a la reciprocidad” contemplada en el tratado de extradición bilateral vigente hace más de tres décadas. Por eso, en cuanto tuvo noticia del fallo de los magistrados españoles, difundió una nota pública en la que pedía explicaciones a la embajadora española en Brasilia, Mar Fernandez-Palacios, en un plazo de cinco días y anunciaba que dejaba en suspenso la entrega de un búlgaro al que España busca por tráfico de drogas llamado Vasil Georgiev Vasilev. El juez ordenó además su excarcelación para mantenerlo en prisión domiciliaria con tobillera electrónica.

Moraes es el juez más poderoso de Brasil, el encargado de instruir el caso contra el expresidente Jair Bolsonaro y sus supuestos cómplices en la conspiración golpista y la mayoría de los expedientes contra el bolsonarismo.

Mientras, el Ministerio de Justicia del Gobierno de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva prepara un recurso contra el rechazo de la entrega. Considera el ministerio que los delitos imputados a Eustáquio por el Supremo brasileño (“obstrucción a una investigación, incitación al crimen, asociación para delinquir, corrupción de menores y divulgación de datos confidenciales”) “son punibles tanto por la legislación brasileña como por el Código Penal español, con penas de prisión superiores a un año, por lo que son objeto de extradición”, según una nota difundida por el departamento brasileño de Justicia y citada por Efe.

La Audiencia Nacional española rechazó extraditar a Eustaquio Filho a Brasil con el argumento de que las acciones que se le imputan tienen “una evidente conexión y motivación política” y, por tanto, quedan excluidas del tratado bilateral de extradición que sí la contempla en casos excepcionales, como atentados contra los jefes de Estado y de Gobierno, actos de terrorismo o crímenes de guerra, contra la paz o la seguridad de la humanidad.

En una resolución de 11 páginas, los magistrados españoles de la Audiencia Nacional sostienen que autorizar la extradición se traduciría en “un riesgo elevado de que la situación del reclamado pueda verse agravada por causa de sus opiniones políticas y su adscripción a determinada ideología”. De todos modos, añaden que las publicaciones en redes sociales contra el comisario que encabeza las investigaciones sobre los casos de golpismo rebasan “el ámbito de los derechos de libertad de expresión e información”, en contra de la tesis defendida por los abogados del activista bolsonarista.

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ElPais

One-Sixth Of The Planet’s Cropland Has Toxic Levels Of One Or More Metals

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The first 30 centimeters of soil are the foundation of life. This foot-deep slice of the pedosphere is the vital space for most plant roots. When roots go deeper, it’s to anchor the plant, not to nourish it. Within this narrow band, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and countless other microscopic organisms form the so-called biological crust, which in turn supports the larger life forms above. Now, a review of thousands of studies — and many more soil samples — reveals that this same 30-centimeter layer also contains toxic concentrations of metals in agricultural soil used to grow the food humans eat. The massive study, published Thursday in Science, estimates that up to 17% of farmland worldwide contains excessive levels of one or more metals and metalloids.

A team of researchers from the U.S., Europe, and China reviewed thousands of existing studies on the presence of metals in the soil. They found over 82,000 papers. After applying a series of filters — such as focusing on 21st-century research, limiting the scope to the uppermost soil layer, and including only studies that measured metal concentrations in soil samples — they narrowed it down to about 1,500 studies. These provided data from nearly 800,000 locations in populated regions across the globe.

Using a machine learning system, a field of artificial intelligence, they modeled and estimated the global extent of excessive contamination from seven specific metals: arsenic (technically a metalloid and a known carcinogen), cadmium (linked to various cancers and prone to accumulating in grains and fruits, especially rice), chromium (in its highly toxic hexavalent form, often released by leather tanning and pigment industries), cobalt (essential for lithium batteries, and thus a driver of exploitation and conflict in Central Africa), copper (a natural dietary component that can disrupt endocrine function in excess), nickel (important for plant growth but stunts it when overabundant), and lead (harmful to children’s neurological development and cognitive abilities).

The researchers found that between 14% and 17% of the global cropland contains dangerously high concentrations of at least one of these metals. In terms of area, the upper estimate represents about 242 million hectares. “We also show that between 900 million and 1.4 billion people [roughly 11% to 18% of the world’s population] live in areas with contaminated soils. That’s a lot of people,” says Jerome Nriagu, professor emeritus of Environmental Chemistry at the University of Michigan and senior author of the study.

It’s important to distinguish between contamination and high concentration. “Contamination” typically refers to human-caused pollution, such as from mining or industrial disasters like Spain’s Aznalcóllar spill. “High concentration,” by contrast, can stem from natural processes — environmental forces (rain, sun, ice, solar radiation…) acting on the pedosphere.

The map shows the areas (in reddish tones) where the concentration of one or more metals exceeds toxic thresholds.

Zooming in to the regional level, 19% of China’s agricultural land shows elevated concentrations of heavy metals, much of it linked to human-caused pollution. Even higher percentages are observed across large parts of northern and central India. In Europe, the authors draw on data from the LUCAS program — an initiative led by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre to monitor the condition and evolution of land use across the EU. Based on thousands of periodically collected soil samples, up to 28% of soils in EU member states contain excessive levels of at least one metal. However, these figures reflect the entire land area, not just land used for farming.

Among the metals, the most widely distributed on the map is cadmium, which is present in toxic concentrations in 9% of soils. It is followed by nickel and chromium, with significant concentrations in the Middle East and northern Russia. Next comes arsenic, whose distribution overlaps with polluted groundwater zones across large areas of China, but also in several parts of South America. The list ends with cobalt, found in high levels in countries such as Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo — pollution closely linked to mining activities — along with copper and lead, the most toxic of all, which can cause harm even in tiny amounts.

“The widespread distribution of cadmium contamination comes from both natural and anthropogenic sources,” explains Deyi Hou, lead author of the study and researcher at Tsinghua University’s School of Environment in Beijing, in an email. “Geochemically, certain parent rock materials [substrate below the ground], such as black shales, contain high levels of cadmium, leading to elevated concentrations in the soil due to weathering.”

Anthropogenic activities further exacerbate this problem, “particularly the use of cadmium-containing phosphate fertilizers, wastewater irrigation, industrial emissions from mining, smelting, and e-waste processing, as well as atmospheric deposition from coal combustion,” Hou adds. This combination of human-caused pollution and natural background levels is what deeply concerns scientists.

Mapping the presence of metals (see image) reveals a band of elevated concentrations that the researchers call the “metal-rich corridor.” This belt stretches from northern Italy to southeastern China, cutting across Greece, Anatolia, the Middle East, Iran, Pakistan, and the northern and central regions of the Indian subcontinent. These are densely populated areas with deep historical roots, and the researchers link today’s contamination to human activity dating back to ancient times.

“These regions largely overlap with the core areas of early human civilizations, including ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, Persian culture, ancient Indian societies, and the Yangtze River Civilization in China,” Hou recalls.

Previous work with ice cores extracted from Greenland and Siberia detected anomalous lead concentrations dating back more than 2,000 years. This metal is key in silver metallurgy.

“While natural factors such as weathering of parent rock material and phytoextraction [absorption by roots] play a role, millennia of intense human activity, particularly mining and smelting, have been key factors,” says Hou. “This corridor reflects the enduring legacy of human impact on the Earth’s surface and provides compelling evidence of the Anthropocene as a new geological era.”

However, the study does not assign blame to either natural or human causes. That wasn’t its objective, and pinpointing the origin of these metals on a global scale is no easy task. The different timescales involved also complicate matters. A spill like the one in Aznalcóllar, for instance, happened in just a few hours on April 25, 1998, whereas the natural introduction of metals into the pedosphere is a much slower process. The formation of new soil occurs at a rate of just three millimeters per century. Events as gradual as the end of the last Ice Age, which took around 10,000 years for the ice to retreat, illustrate this contrast. Looking at the map again, it is clear that in areas north of the 50th parallel (which runs across Germany from west to east) there are hardly any high concentrations of metals.

As researcher Manuel Delgado Baquerizo of Spain’s Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville (IRNAS) explains, “periods of glaciation have a very strong impact on soil biochemistry; when the ice disappears, the soil completely disappears, leaving the parent rock completely exposed.” And with the soil goes the metal load.

Delgado Baquerizo, an expert on the environmental impact of soil contamination, points out that “heavy metals in general are quite toxic, but they have to reach high levels.” “These researchers have looked at the soil, not at the actual food we might consume,” adds Baquerizo, who was not involved in the study.

For him, the real challenge is setting thresholds — knowing exactly what concentration of a metal per kilogram of soil becomes harmful to the soil ecosystem, its inhabitants, and human health. “There are no established standards,” he says. The authors of the study used maximum limits set by 10 different countries and calculated an average — but that doesn’t fully capture the full scope of the problem.

Baquerizo concludes: “The problem is that many heavy metals have a cumulative effect. You may be exposed to a small amount, but if you’re exposed to that small amount over a long period of time, it can have an impact on your health.”

The most obvious example is lead. Ever since the Romans began using it in their pipes, it has continued to be used for over 2,000 years to distribute running water.

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