A full Parliament for the vote, and campaigners in Parliament Square. Credit: Parliament TV & Dignity in Dying:
In a landmark vote, members of the UK Parliament in the House of Commons have passed the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill, making assisted dying a significant step closer to being legal in England and Wales.
The bill, put forward by Labour MP Kim Leadbeater, was approved by a slim margin of 314 to 291, a majority of just 23, following an emotionally charged debate that saw MPs share personal stories and grapple with the ethical conundrum of the issue.
The legislation, which could allow terminally ill adults with less than six months left to live to request medical assistance to end their lives. It now moves to the House of Lords for further scrutiny. If passed and granted royal assent, the assisted dying service would not be implemented for at least four years to guarantee the strictest safeguards are put firmly in place.
Assisted dying campaigners in UK hail vote as “momentous vistory”
The Commons chamber was filled to bursting for over four hours of debate, with MPs from across the political spectrum delivering impassioned arguments. Labour MP Maureen Burke of Glasgow North East moved colleagues to tears as she recounted her brother’s painful death from advanced pancreatic cancer, stating she was supporting the bill to “do right by her brother”. Supporters, including Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer, who voted in favour after initially being accused of dithering on the topic, stressed the bill’s focus on personal freedom and dignity for terminally ill patients. Campaign groups like Dignity in Dying called the vote a “momentous victory”.
The stringent safeguards listed in the bill include requiring the approval of two independent doctors and an expert panel comprising a lawyer, a psychiatrist, and a social worker.
Opponents to assisted dying vote warn of “slippery slope”
Opponents to the bill, including Conservative leader Kemi Badenoch, who voted against it, warned of a “slippery slope” towards broader eligibility criteria and cited examples from countries like Canada where assisted dying has been offered to the poor. Other critics, such as Labour MP Naz Shah, raised concerns that the bill could lead one day to endangering vulnerable groups, including those with disabilities or conditions like anorexia, who might one day be offered euthanasia instead of costly health care. The Royal College of Psychiatrists and the Royal College of Physicians expressed concerns about inadequate safeguards for patients and professionals and insisted on further, more detailed revisions to the bill.
Opponents also highlighted the strain on the NHS and underfunded palliative care, with Hospice UK alerting that 250 to 300 people die daily without adequate end-of-life care, suggesting improvements in care should take precedence.
Supporters of assisted dying campaigner, Dame Esther Rantzen, in Parliament Square
Outside Parliament, supporters of the bill who had gathered in Parliament Square erupted into cheers and hugs as the result was announced. Campaigners, including terminally ill individuals like Sophie Blake and Dame Esther Rantzen, who has stage-4 lung cancer, have been vocal advocates, with Blake pleading for MPs to “allow us the choice to have a good death”. Inside the chamber, MPs lined up to shake hands with Leadbeater.
However, opponents like Conservative MP Joy Morrissey called the vote “a dark day for democracy”, arguing the bill fails to protect the most vulnerable. The free vote, allowing MPs to decide based on conscience rather than party lines, saw divisions within parties, with several senior Labour ministers, including the health and justice secretaries, opposing the bill.
Assisted dying bill passes to Lords after summer
The bill’s next step is to go to the House of Lords, where peers will debate and potentially amend the legislation. It is believed there is a majority in favour in the Lords, but the outcome is still not a done deal. If approved by both houses by the end of the parliamentary year, likely in autumn 2025, the bill could become law, with an estimated 160 to 640 assisted deaths expected in the first year, potentially increasing to 4,500 within a decade.
The vote represents a seismic shift in the UK’s approach to end-of-life care as it balancing personal choice with the need to protect vulnerable individuals. As the bill progresses towards law, the debate will continue to stir deep emotions and heated debates across the nation.
The UK has followed a tendency in Europe for the legalisation of assisted dying. In Spain, both euthanasia (where a physician administers a lethal drug) and assisted suicide (where the patient self-administers with medical assistance) were legalised in 2021 and require two written requests, medical evaluations, and approval by a regional committee. It is now recognised as a constitutional right. In the first 18 months after the law was passed, 383 people opted for assisted dying.
Belgium legalised assisted dying in 2002, Luxembourg in 2209, Austria in 2022 (assisted suicide only), and in Germany it has been legal since 2020 by court ruling. The Constitutional Court in Italy ruled in 2019 that assisting suicide for those in “intolerable suffering” is not always a crime, but parliament has not passed firm legislation yet. Tuscany was the first region to adopt rules. The first legal assisted suicide occurred in 2022, but technically, euthanasia remains illegal.