Every morning in Wulari, a neighborhood of Maiduguri in Borno State, Nigeria, the air fills with the rich aroma of freshly fried grasshoppers. At a small roadside stand, Ayuba Naomi, 35, serves a steady stream of customers who arrive before the first batch is even ready. “Grasshoppers are widely eaten. Our customers have increased. We send to places like Abuja, Lagos, Kano and even to countries such as Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom,” she says. “When demand is high, especially from customers outside Maiduguri, we can sell around three sacks in a day,” she adds. Some of her buyers also come from neighboring Cameroon.

What for Naomi is an everyday business is part of a widespread practice in some countries with the potential to help address protein shortfalls for much of the world amid climate-driven agricultural decline and population growth. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that around 2,000 insect species are eaten by some 2 billion people. In Africa, Asia and Latin America they are a regular part of the diet and, in many cases, also a source of income for thousands of families.

Their high protein content and other nutrients, together with lower production costs for some species compared with other animal protein sources, have attracted the interest of researchers and international organizations. They are studying the role insects could play in diversifying diets and improving food security, especially in places where millions of people cannot afford a healthy diet. Some 2.3 billion people worldwide are in that situation, according to the latest annual report on the state of food security.

In Wulari, Naomi prepares them to suit her increasingly diverse customers. First she sun-dries the raw grasshoppers, then removes the intestines, wings, limbs and hind legs before washing them thoroughly. “Some retailers ask for them already fried and we pack and seal them in boxes that they then import into their country. For some, we parboil and sun-dry them and then pack them in sacks. They then fry them themselves there,” she explains as she places the next batch of grasshoppers into hot peanut oil.

Some retailers ask for them already fried and we pack and seal them in boxes. For some, we parboil and sun-dry them and then pack them in sacks. They then fry them themselves

Ayuba Naomi, who runs a grasshopper sale business

Much of the insect trade still operates informally. In Nigeria, the chain that takes grasshoppers from the field to urban markets depends on hundreds of collectors and small traders.

One of them is 40-year-old Babagana Zarami, who has spent a decade catching grasshoppers around Maiduguri. During the rainy season, he and other collectors go out at dusk to traverse wooded areas where the insects are more abundant. “When we go into the forest, we strap a lamp to our forehead, wear hand gloves or plastic bags on our hands, and cover our feet with rice sacks or wear rainboots to guard against snake and other bites,” he explains.

They collect the insects “on tree leaves and on grasses.” “They are difficult to catch now, even after the rainfall period,” Zarami says. He explains that insecurity in some areas has also reduced collectors’ access to places where they were once plentiful. In the past, he says, he could return with up to five sacks of grasshoppers.

Still, the activity continues to sustain a small local economy. In the market, collectors sell 13 kilograms of grasshoppers for about 4,000 nairas (€2.5) to wholesalers, who then distribute them to merchants and retail sellers. The FAO notes that edible insect gathering provides an income source for thousands of people in different regions of the world and can contribute both to food security and rural livelihoods.

Protein-rich insects

Maiduguri is not an isolated case. In countries such as Uganda and Kenya, grasshoppers are also sold in urban markets during collection seasons. In southern Africa, the UN food agency highlights a growing industry around the mopane caterpillar: it is estimated to generate tens of millions of dollars a year, with much of those earnings going to collectors, often rural women with limited resources. In places such as Laos, insect gathering combines household consumption with sales in local markets.

Beyond their economic importance, insects have drawn growing interest for their nutritional value. According to the FAO, their protein content is comparable to conventional meat and they often provide essential amino acids, iron, calcium, B vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

“Grasshoppers provide high-quality protein comparable to foods such as beef, chicken and fish. They also supply important nutrients such as iron, zinc, calcium and some B-complex vitamins,” Uju Onuorah, an associate researcher at Nutrition Drive for Healthy Diet Initiatives, tells this newspaper.

Grasshoppers provide high-quality protein comparable to foods such as beef, chicken and fish

Uju Onuorah, associate researcher at Nutrition Drive for Healthy Diet Initiatives

“For example, the iron in insects can help reduce the risk of anemia, especially in communities where iron deficiency. And food insecurity is common. In places like Nigeria, where grasshoppers are already eaten in some regions, they can be a practical and affordable way to improve nutrition,” she adds.

The prospect of scaling up consumption has also attracted some researchers’ attention. “Our research shows that we can actually tame these insects and start rearing them in big numbers as an alternative source of protein for our people,” says Philip Nyeko, lead researcher and professor at the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences at Makerere University.

The Western idea that eating insects is primitive or barbaric has not encouraged developing countries to prioritize them on the development aid agenda

FAO

However, despite their widespread consumption and growing scientific evidence about their nutritional benefits, insects remain marginal in many official food and nutrition strategies. “The Western idea that eating insects is primitive or barbaric has not encouraged developing countries to give it priority on the development aid agenda,” the FAO notes.

Experts point to several factors. On the one hand, cultural prejudices against eating insects persist. On the other, gaps remain in areas such as production, processing, storage and marketing. The FAO also warns that, as with any other food, edible insects can be associated with food safety risks and require appropriate controls.

“While we know insects are nutritious, there is still not enough large-scale, locally relevant data on long-term safety, nutrient consistency, and best production practices,” Onuorah concludes.

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She heard her first words watching the Mexican soap opera Marimar and, from then on, knew she wanted to learn that strange language. Gloria Ane has just started a master’s degree in Hispanic philology at the Félix Houphoüet-Boigny University in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, but she is only one of the 3.5 million Spanish learners in sub-Saharan Africa — a figure that has more than doubled since 2014. Demographics, the rise of Latin music and cinema, soccer as a global phenomenon, and migration — together with the decline in French’s prestige — are allowing the Spanish language to gain ground in Africa. On June 10 the new Aula Cervantes headquarters in Abidjan was inaugurated, and another is already planned for Cameroon, which with 1.2 million learners is the fifth-ranking country in the world by number of students.

“Spanish has established itself as one of the world’s major languages and, beyond communication, it has an expanding presence in areas such as culture, science, business, and international relations,” said Luis García Montero, director of the Instituto Cervantes, at the opening of the new Abidjan headquarters, which includes a small library, two multipurpose rooms and a computer lab. “Its relevance in sub-Saharan Africa is growing. That has to do with population growth, but also with an attitude. We are not in Africa as a language of domination, but of dialogue. Increasingly more students are choosing Spanish as a second language in countries such as Benin, Ivory Coast, and Cameroon,” he added.

We are not in Africa as a language of domination, but of dialogue

Luis García Montero, director of the Instituto Cervantes

The data have just been published in the book Spanish in sub-Saharan Africa, edited by the Instituto Cervantes and Casa África and coordinated by Javier Serrano. The research updates figures gathered in an earlier 2014 study. “The growth is simply spectacular,” says Álvaro García, Instituto Cervantes’ academic director. “In 10 countries in the region there is a medium or high level of institutionalization of Spanish; it is a subject in secondary schools, which account for 95% of the students.” These include the countries already mentioned by García Montero: Cameroon, with 1.2 million students, Ivory Coast (one million) and Benin (725,000), as well as Senegal, Cape Verde, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar, the Central African Republic, and Togo.

These 3.5 million students represent 13.53% of all Spanish learners in the world. Countries with the largest numbers of learners are the United States, with 8.5 million, Brazil (4 million), France (3.6 million), the United Kingdom (2 million) and, in fifth place, Cameroon. Africa is the fourth region in the world in terms of contribution to learners of Spanish as a foreign language, and five African countries rank among the 15 with the most students worldwide. “But in Africa the potential is enormous, especially in lusophone and anglophone countries,” García adds.

To continue growing, the Instituto Cervantes has just created the Global Observatory of Spanish in African Contexts, where experts will scrutinize the main lines of this expansion. The Cervantes itself has gone from having a single classroom in Dakar, which opened in 2010, to an institute in the Senegalese capital that was inaugurated by Queen Letizia in 2021, and now a new classroom in Abidjan, which had been operating for five years without a physical headquarters. The next destination will be Yaoundé, the Cameroonian capital, where work is already underway to open a new space in the coming years.

“A lot of people speak Spanish in the world, which is why I like it — I think it could give me opportunities,” said Moussa Bamba, who is studying the first year of Hispanic philology in Ivory Coast. “For now my dream is to be a secondary-school teacher, but we’ll see.” Maurice Konan is already in his third year and has read El metro and El sueño y otros relatos by Equatoguinean author Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo. “Don Quixote hasn’t yet fallen into my hands, but I’d very much like to read it,” he said with a smile.

The president of the Official Chamber of Commerce of Spain in Senegal, Ramón Nicolau, recalled the quantitative supremacy of other languages, such as Chinese, because of the demographic weight of their countries of origin — about one billion Chinese speakers compared with 635 million Spanish speakers. Nevertheless, he noted that Spanish as an economic and business ecosystem has a singular importance second only to English. Nicolau highlighted the importance of Spanish as “a vehicle of trust and an accelerator of business networks, but it is also a market, a community, and a strategic bridge to the global economy.”

For her part, Korotoumou Niang, law professor at Kurukan Fuga University and at the Institut des Sciences Politiques et des Relations Internationales of Mali, recalled how her decision to study Spanish changed her life. “I received a scholarship and could have chosen other countries, but I went to Cuba. This language has given me opportunities that a Malian woman like me would never have had. I also work as a translator for the Spanish Embassy and on cooperation projects. In my country everyone expects a young woman to marry, have children, and abandon her professional life. I became a role model for my female students,” she said.

This language has given me opportunities that a Malian woman like me would never have had

Korotoumou Niang, law professor at Kurukan Fuga University

During the congress, Eladia Martín, head of the Diploma in Spanish as a Foreign Language (DELE) at the Instituto Cervantes in Dakar, stressed the importance of holding official certification to qualify for jobs. The Cervantes’ academic director said that currently these courses and exams exist in 13 sub-Saharan African countries, where there are 20 examination centers through which 500 diploma candidates sat exams in 2025. For Jean Christophe Dièmè, a teacher at the Jean Mermoz institute in Dakar, it is urgent to undertake a reform and modernization of content.

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