Rosa has made two specific requests to her husband in case she’s deported to Guatemala: that he send over her pots and pans, and that he save money for her funeral expenses. “I would go there to die,” says the undocumented woman who has been fighting since January to recover from a stroke that nearly took her life. The Trump administration has her in its sights: a few days ago she received by mail a notice fining her $1.8 million for failing, since 2013, to comply with an order to leave the country voluntarily. It is not an isolated case: more than 65,000 immigrants have received letters imposing unaffordable penalties that together total $36 billion. Organizations and experts have called the measure unconstitutional, extraordinarily cruel and a form of psychological torture.
“I spend my time crying, I feel very sad, I think I won’t make it there in Guatemala because I can’t be without my medicine and I can’t work because I get too tired just walking,” laments Rosa, who spoke to EL PAÍS on condition of anonymity using an assumed name. She lives with her husband in a small apartment in Los Angeles and takes a daily cocktail of medications for diabetes, high blood pressure and the aftereffects of the stroke that sent her to emergency surgery. The million-dollar penalty sent to her by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) at the end of March has weakened her even more, says the 50-year-old. “When they come to drop off my medicine, I think they’re from ICE; I don’t want to open the door, I don’t want to go outside.”
Rosa’s exact debt to the U.S. government is $1,820,352, an amount her husband — the family’s sole breadwinner — would take almost 38 years to pay if he devoted his entire monthly salary of $4,000 to it. He works as an attendant at a gas station and half of his income vanishes on rent. He is also undocumented. “I don’t even have money to send my things to go back to my country,” Rosa exclaims in a weakened voice. DHS, however, has set a deadline of just 15 days to pay. The only alternative it offers to cancel the fine is to leave the country as soon as possible.
‘They don’t have money to cover an amount like that’
The fines are part of a controversial strategy by the Trump administration to curb migration beyond deportations. On the same day he began his second term, the Republican signed an executive order authorizing DHS to collect these penalties. During his first term (2017–2021), Trump had tried to implement the initiative, based on an immigration law enacted in 1996, but did not succeed. The Joe Biden administration later reviewed the measure and concluded the sanctions were excessively punitive and ineffective.
DHS’s strategy is to impose fines of up to $1,000 for each day an immigrant remains in the U.S. after receiving an order to leave voluntarily. The penalty is capped at five years. That is why many people owe the same figure: $1.8 million. However, the government warns the debt can continue to grow because of “interest, administrative costs and penalties for past-due amounts.”
Since the spring of 2025, DHS began sending letters notifying people of these financial penalties. But it is unclear whether the measure has produced the intended results. The agency did not respond to questions sent by this outlet about how much money it has collected or how it did so. It also did not disclose how many migrants may have chosen to return to their countries to solve the problem. “Our message is clear: foreigners who are unlawfully in the country must leave now or face the consequences,” DHS said in a brief statement.
Migrant advocacy organizations say the Trump administration has seized wages from people with these debts. Other measures mentioned in the DHS letters, they warn, include referring debts to private collection agencies; reporting them to financial institutions, which could harm credit histories; or referring cases to the Department of Justice to initiate litigation. The letters also warn that noncompliance will be taken into account when denying future regularization processes.
“The government can try to take money from paychecks, place a lien (a claim that turns an asset into security for payment) on a house, or perhaps on bank accounts,” explains Raquel Kuronen, an immigration attorney. “It’s part of the Trump administration’s strategy, which seeks to pressure immigrants through different avenues.”
Kuronen’s law office represents about 70 immigrants who have received these fines from Los Angeles, roughly 40% of its clientele. None has paid a cent. “They don’t have money to cover an amount like that,” the lawyer says.
Experts recommend that migrants seek legal advice as soon as possible and respond to DHS notices before the 15-day deadline expires by filing a formal objection to the fine.
Felipe’s torture
Felipe, a 47-year-old Mexican living in southern California, also carries a $1.8 million debt around. The migrant, who earns a living as a construction laborer, has considered putting his vehicles in his children’s names and withdrawing the little money he has in the bank, anticipating more aggressive government action. He received the DHS letter on May 7 and since then has lost his peace of mind. “It changed my life. I wouldn’t want to ruin my children’s lives,” he says amid sobs in a phone interview. “If my children had already finished their studies and could support themselves, I would step back, without having to endure this torture. But my mission is not over yet.”
When Felipe opened the letter sent by DHS and saw the amount, he thought it might be a code related to his old asylum case. “I looked more closely and I said: no, this is a fine. I thought it would never reach me.”
He ended up in this situation because in 2001, a year after emigrating from Guadalajara, Mexico, a notary public promised to fix his papers but never explained that the strategy was to file an asylum application — something that at the time was rarely granted to Mexicans. Later he received a work permit and a Social Security number. Everything seemed to be going well until an immigration court hearing in which a judge told him his case had no grounds. “Do we deport you or will you leave voluntarily?” the magistrate asked. Felipe chose the latter option, believing it would be enough to hide from immigration authorities. But the fine has made it clear the authorities know exactly where he is.
“I go around with my heart in my mouth. Every time I leave my house I cross myself and say, ‘May God do as He wills.’ I look everywhere. I have encountered ICE agents, but they have not detained me,” Felipe says.
Rosa, the woman from Guatemala, ended up on ICE’s radar for similar reasons. Newly arrived in Los Angeles in the 1990s as a teenager, she was taken to a legal office to open an asylum case. She paid thousands of dollars but left the process unfinished for lack of funds. Even so, she managed to obtain a work permit that allowed her to work in factories and maquiladoras. In 2013 she tried to reopen the case, but that did not succeed either. “They never told me I had a deportation order. I only found out when the fine letter arrived,” she says.
‘A debt burden that will ruin them’
Lawyers defending migrants with these debts are building their cases on three arguments: proving their clients were not a public charge, that they never knew fines could escalate over the years to reach millions of dollars, and that there were pressing circumstances that prevented them from returning to their countries. “We want to prove it wasn’t deliberate, that perhaps they never received the court notice when a deportation order was issued in absentia. Maybe they were sick, incarcerated, had a sick relative, something happened,” Kuronen explains.
At the end of 2025, civil organizations filed a class-action lawsuit on behalf of two fined migrants identified as María L. and Nancy M., residents of Massachusetts and Florida. The complaint names DHS, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and former Trump administration officials such as Pam Bondi and Kristi Noem.
According to the lawsuit, federal agencies are imposing these civil penalties without assessing whether they are appropriate in each individual case, for example by reviewing why the person did not return to their country, and they are doing so without taking the cases to a jury. “If left unchallenged, these fines will plunge María L., Nancy M. and thousands of people… into a debt that will ruin them, in violation of the Constitution” and the Immigration and Nationality Act, it says. The aim of the suit, which remains pending in a federal court in Massachusetts, is to obtain an injunction to halt the collection of the fines.
“With this administration, anything can happen, and that’s when you realize the goal is not to solve problems but to harass and intimidate immigrants to force them to self-deport,” said Jorge Mario Cabrera, spokesperson for the Coalition for the Human Rights of Immigrants of Los Angeles (CHIRLA). “It’s not fair, because our people are hardworking and will never be able to pay these fines.”
Rosa, the Guatemalan migrant, says she has gone to law firms and the office of an immigrant-rights organization in Los Angeles to review her case. All of them have recommended that she return to Guatemala, warning that if she does not go, the government “will sue her to collect that money.” She asked one lawyer whether moving would be a good idea to get off ICE’s radar. The litigator’s answer froze her: “I’m going to pretend I didn’t hear that.”
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U.S. President Donald Trump gave a boost on Tuesday to the presidential bid of Brazilian senator Flávio Bolsonaro, son of former president Jair Bolsonaro, by receiving him in the Oval Office, 19 days after meeting there with Brazil’s president, former union leader Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Barring a surprise, Lula and Bolsonaro’s son are expected to face each other at the ballot box in October. Flávio Bolsonaro’s team hopes the photo with Trump will help him overcome a popularity crisis and consolidate his candidacy.
The senator announced the meeting by posting the photo with Trump on Instagram with no comment other than two thumbs-up emojis. Until the last minute it was unclear whether the meeting would take place. The right-wing presidential hopeful was received at the White House just hours after Trump, who will turn 80 on June 14, underwent a series of medical exams at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, the third such checkup in less than a year and a half in what the presidential office describes as “his annual physical.”
Leaving the White House, the Brazilian told reporters he had asked Trump to designate the Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) and the Comando Vermelho (CV) — the most powerful organized crime groups in Brazil — as terrorist organizations. He said, however, that he did not ask Trump to endorse his presidential campaign.
The face-to-face lasted one hour and 40 minutes, one of Bolsonaro’s companions, journalist Paulo Figueiredo — who is under investigation in Brazil for coup plotting — told O Globo. “How is your father?” the U.S. president asked his visitor, Brazilian media reported.
So far the White House has not issued a statement about the meeting, which was not on Trump’s official schedule and had not been announced by any channel of the presidential office. The conversation came less than three weeks after the U.S. president met in the Oval Office with President Lula in a working meeting that included lunch.
The eldest son of former president Jair Bolsonaro also visited 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington at a time when Trump is pushing to announce as soon as possible a preliminary agreement with Iran that would allow a definitive end to the war while the most contentious issues between the two countries — above all Iran’s nuclear program — continue to be negotiated. Above all, the White House seeks to reopen the strategic Strait of Hormuz, through which 20% of the world’s oil and gas flow.
Less than two weeks ago, the scandal that abruptly halted Bolsonaro’s campaign broke in Brazil. Intercept Brasil published an audio in which the candidate, in a conspiratorial tone, solicits money from a convicted banker he claimed not to know to pay for a biographical film about his father. It turned out that the banker — now jailed on fraud charges — had pledged millions of dollars for the movie. Bolsonaro’s son defended himself, saying it was a private conversation between two individuals about private funds to finance a private project.
But the latest polls show a certain decline for Bolsonaro while President Lula has gained ground; before the scandal the two had been in a technical tie for weeks.
Securing time with Trump for the candidate is a coup for Eduardo Bolsonaro, the third brother and the family member in charge of relations with Trumpism, who has also posed with the Republican. According to Brazilian press reports, the route to Trump went through the U.S. secretary of state, Marco Rubio.
The photo with Trump allows Bolsonaro to once again link the family’s political project to Trumpism, a relationship that had soured after the tariff punishment imposed by the Republican at the behest of the far-right Brazilian clan backfired on them.
The meeting with Trump also helps Bolsonaro’s son project the image of an international leader. The right-winger, who presents himself as a moderate version of his father, attended the meeting wearing a green-and-yellow tie, the colors of the Brazilian flag and the same colors as the tie President Lula wears on major occasions.
The fear of interference by Trump or his administration in the elections, as has happened in Honduras and Argentina, hovers over the Brazilian campaign. Last year the U.S. exerted extraordinary pressure on Brazil to drop prosecutions against Jair Bolsonaro. It failed. The former president is now serving a 27-year prison sentence for plotting a coup d’état against Lula.
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José Javier Rodríguez, the Democratic candidate for Florida attorney general, does not want the page turned on the notorious immigrant detention site Alligator Alcatraz, west of Miami, which has become a symbol of the “cruelty” of the Donald Trump administration. If he wins the November election, the 47-year-old Cuban American says he will investigate how Republican Governor Ron DeSantis’ administration established the facility as a “political theater for consumption in Washington.”
“We’re not going to let that be forgotten,” even if the facility closes next month as expected, Rodríguez says in his Coral Gables office, an affluent, Mediterranean‑style city southwest of Miami. He says DeSantis wanted a boost from Trump and used an “absurd” justification to sign an emergency executive order that “seized local government land, bypassed the legislature and grabbed $500 million that was meant for disaster preparedness” to build the facility.
“Cruelty was the point — to attract attention with a cruel project that would show they didn’t care about basic human treatment or the law, that they would do whatever they wanted,” he adds.
His Republican opponent is James Uthmeier, a former chief of staff and head of DeSantis’ presidential campaign, who was appointed attorney general by the governor last year to replace Ashley Moody after she moved to the Senate to take the seat of now‑Secretary of State Marco Rubio.
In Florida — a Republican‑run state that has been at the forefront of Trump’s anti‑immigrant offensive — the attorney general’s office has become an extension of the governor’s political arm, Rodríguez says. He aims to reclaim the office as an institutional check that protects the public interest.
A lawyer by trade, Rodríguez served as a state representative from 2012 to 2016. He was later elected state senator (2018–2020) for District 37, which covers part of Miami‑Dade County, and served as deputy labor secretary in the Joe Biden administration. Last week he received endorsements from SAVE, one of the oldest and most influential LGBTQ+ organizations in South Florida, and from Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Florida, one of the country’s largest unions. The other Democrat in the race is Jim Lewis, an attorney and former state prosecutor, whom Rodríguez will face in the August primary.
The state attorney general is the chief legal officer of a state and is elected by popular vote independently of the governor. The office legally represents the state government, but it also wields broad powers to investigate corruption cases, sue companies and public agencies, and challenge federal policies in court.
State attorneys general under Trump
Rodríguez’s campaign centers on what role the state attorney general should play under Trump. In recent months, attorneys general in several states have taken leading roles in legal battles against the Trump administration. “Groups of state attorneys general are slowing down Trump’s agenda when it has gone beyond the law,” Rodríguez says, citing as examples deployments of the National Guard to Democratic‑run cities, immigration raids, and attempts to cut food‑stamp benefits (SNAP) without congressional approval. “The attorney general is not the government’s lawyer, but the people’s lawyer,” he sums up.
His campaign directly targets Uthmeier, who has led some of the state’s most aggressive initiatives against immigrants. The attorney general has promoted highly symbolic projects for Trumpism — such as a Trump presidential library in Miami — ordered the removal of LGBTQ+ symbols from public buildings and pressured local officials to expand 287(g) agreements to cooperate with federal immigration agencies. Uthmeier was also one of the main architects and promoters of Alligator Alcatraz.
“What we have is an attorney general who wants to make political theater out of everything, instead of focusing on public safety,” Rodríguez says, adding that many local governments in Florida have been pressured to sign 287(g) agreements. “As attorney general, it’s about enforcing the law, not exercising power. But [in Florida] they’re exercising power. What they want is to create conflict and generate headlines,” he adds.
Rodríguez’s message also reflects an effort by some Cuban American Democrats to offer an alternative to Trumpism without abandoning border‑security rhetoric. While he acknowledges that many voted for tougher border control, he insists that does not justify due‑process violations or indiscriminate attacks on immigrants “who do not pose a danger.”
Trump’s immigration policy has been “terrible,” he says, “a breakdown” that violates basic rights. “Enforcing the law includes ensuring that individuals’ rights and due process are respected. That is the law too,” he says.
On foreign policy, Rodríguez distances himself from both Barack Obama’s opening to Cuba and Trump’s strategy. He says the Democratic administration prioritized economic ties without securing political progress, but argues the current government also lacks a clear plan toward Cuba or Venezuela.
His campaign also focuses on corruption in Tallahassee, the state capital and seat of Florida’s legislature. Rodríguez was one of the politicians affected in 2020 by what became known as the “ghost candidates” scandal, when independent candidates with almost no campaigns were recruited to siphon votes from Democrats in South Florida. Rodríguez lost his Miami‑Dade seat by just 32 votes to Republican Ileana García, while a non‑party candidate — also surnamed Rodríguez — received thousands of votes. Subsequent investigations linked the operation to Republican consultants, and former Republican state senator Frank Artiles was convicted of paying one of the candidates to run. Rodríguez says the incident exemplifies how certain interests operate in the state without real oversight. He also criticizes the closeness between the state government and private companies.
The candidate returns to Alligator Alcatraz, which was erected in just eight days. “It was very obvious they had planned it in secret for months, because it wasn’t possible to sign all those million‑dollar contracts in three days without bidding. At the time I said: ‘In the coming months we will learn that all these contracts are linked to the governor and the attorney general.’ But you didn’t have to wait months — it was days,” he says, referring to reports in the Miami Herald and other outlets that revealed several companies with contracts were linked to DeSantis donors and political allies.
“There’s a lot of corruption. And for a long time Florida hasn’t had an attorney general who actually exercises the office,” he says. “What I’m asking people for is imagination.”
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