The 15-year-old took one sip of an energy drink and began developing hives all over his body and had difficulty breathing. The attack was so severe that in the emergency room he had to be given two doses of epinephrine, a life-saving emergency drug used to stop severe allergic reactions. The investigation into the energy drink revealed a hidden ingredient: cod collagen. The boy was allergic to that specific fish compound and encountered it in the most unexpected place. It rarely happens, but it does.
His case, along with other unusually severe allergy episodes, were presented Thursday at the annual meeting of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology to illustrate the complexity of anaphylaxis — severe, potentially fatal allergic reactions that occur when the body comes into contact with something harmless but which the immune system interprets as a threat, triggering an exaggerated response.
“Anaphylaxis is uncommon and these cases are even rarer, exceptional. It must be made clear that not all children with allergies will have anaphylaxis,” says Paula Donado-Mazarrón, a pediatric allergist at Hospital Sant Pau in Barcelona. In fact, the specialist adds, collagen is not usually the most common allergen, although another protein is: parvalbumin. “It is also most common for fish allergies to disappear over time,” she emphasizes.
Although popular imagination and the scientific evidence often attribute these severe episodes to common allergens such as peanuts, the case reports presented at the congress — which will be published in the journal Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology — show that the threat is sometimes far more complicated. Another example: a 10-year-old girl developed breathing problems and hives on her face and neck minutes after applying castor oil to her hair. In the emergency room she was given epinephrine, albuterol and steroids to stop the allergic reaction and investigators began to look into it: the child had used castor oil before without problems, but the product had always been produced by hot-pressing; this time the oil was cold-pressed. “This is the first reported case of anaphylaxis from topical castor oil and the first clinical demonstration of a reactivity that depends on the manufacturing process,” the authors of the case report say.
Anaphylaxis is not a very common phenomenon. And although figures vary between studies, it is estimated that there are between 50 and 112 episodes per 100,000 people per year and mortality ranges from 0.2% to 3%. “The significance of these figures lies in the fact that many cases could be prevented with proper diagnosis and treatment, and bearing in mind that in many instances those affected are young people, even children, without a serious prior illness,” warn allergists Victòria Cardona and Alberto Álvarez-Perea in the White Book of Allergic Diseases, published by the BBVA Foundation.
According to these allergists, the trigger in more than half of anaphylaxis cases is a drug (56% of episodes), such as penicillin and its derivatives, aspirin and anti-inflammatories. Then there are foods: in one in four anaphylaxis cases there is a food product behind it, especially nuts, shellfish or fruits like peach (in children they are usually due to allergy to egg, milk, tree nuts, peanuts, fish or shellfish). Much less frequent are severe allergic reactions caused by bee and wasp stings (5% of the total) or latex.
Around this material, a peculiar case was also reported at the American congress. It involved an 11-year-old girl who suffered anaphylaxis after exposure to a squishy toy. After handling these sensory toys at home and touching her face, the child began to suffer hives and a tightness in her throat and had to be given an epinephrine injection on the ambulance. A week later, while handling a similar toy at school, she experienced the same throat tightness, administered epinephrine herself and was later given corticosteroids at the hospital. Subsequent testing confirmed the girl’s sensitization to latex and revealed that these toys, which had already been linked to choking hazards, chemical burns or skin irritation but never anaphylaxis, could also be a potential source of severe allergic reactions in children.
“The lack of information about the composition of children’s toys makes it difficult to identify allergens, which underscores the need for a thorough allergy workup and evaluation of toy materials in cases of anaphylaxis of unknown cause,” the authors of this case study said.
On the cases described, Donado-Mazarrón reiterates their exceptional nature. “Contact allergy in the pediatric population, like that of the girl who used castor oil, is extremely rare. The same goes for latex allergy in children: it is exceptional. Balloons and school supplies often contain this material and children are frequently exposed.” The specialist does note, however, that it is not unusual to find labeling errors on food products, whether through omission of allergens or incomplete labeling.
These particular cases show how complex it can be to detect the origin of anaphylaxis. Not all people with allergies have the same risk of triggering a reaction of this magnitude. There is a profile particularly prone to these events and their medical history reveals it: having had a previous anaphylaxis or having poorly controlled asthma are risk factors. “Tree nuts and peanuts are associated with more persistent allergies. And in the pediatric population, so is milk. But it must be remembered that anaphylaxis is a multifactorial combination of causes; it depends on a series of cofactors in addition to the amount of the allergen,” notes the Sant Pau allergist.
The specialist also points to one especially vulnerable age group: adolescents with known allergies. “That is because they eat out more, socialize more outside the home and may have more accidental exposures. They may also not carry rescue medication and, if they do, they may administer it later because they minimize the symptoms,” she explains. Not all children with food allergies will have anaphylaxis and therefore not all are prescribed rescue adrenaline to carry with them, she clarifies. It is prescribed individually according to clinical profile, history and the type of food to which the child is allergic.
In most cases, Donado-Mazarrón says, they manage to identify the trigger of the anaphylaxis: “Pediatric allergists are like detectives: a patient arrives with a systemic allergic reaction and we have to see what foods they’ve eaten, what contacts they’ve had with certain substances and what potential viral or other interfering factors might have altered the immune response. After the allergy study, we can discover the culprit of that allergic reaction and that brings reassurance to the parents.”
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Officers also immobilised around 1,750 litres of oils. Photo credit: Guardia Civil
Dog owners buying treats and oils for their pets would hardly expect them to lead police to an industrial cannabis laboratory. But biscuits containing cannabis derivatives, found during inspections of specialist shops in Barcelona province, helped uncover a business producing and selling thousands of products, with narcotic substances worth more than €600,000.
The Guardia Civil dismantled the laboratory in La Llagosta in an operation announced on November 12. Two people are being investigated on suspicion of drug trafficking: the company’s owner and the chemical engineer who ran the laboratory. No arrests have been reported.
Following the Crumbs
The investigation began in July 2025, when officers inspected specialist cannabis-growing shops, known as grow shops, across Barcelona province. During those checks, they found biscuits and oils for animals containing cannabidiol, or CBD, supplied by a company based in La Llagosta.
The products prompted further enquiries into their origin and the business behind them. Investigators traced the supplier to two industrial units. One was used to store goods and prepare customer orders, while the second contained production areas and laboratories where oils were extracted and cannabis resin made, weighed, labelled and packaged.
More than €600,000 in drugs seized
The scale of the operation became clear when officers searched the premises. They seized 11.5 kilos of hashish, almost seven kilos of marijuana buds and more than 133 litres of cannabis oil, packed into 17,657 bottles. Thousands of vaping products and refills were also found. Laboratory testing by the National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences identified cannabis and cannabis resin, as well as psychotropic substances including hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) and H4-CBD.
The Guardia Civil said these substances are subject to controls and authorisations and cannot be sold freely as consumer products. The discovery does not make every CBD product illegal. Investigators focused on the substances identified in this case and the authorisations required to manufacture and sell them legally. Officers also immobilised around 1,750 litres of oils intended for manufacturing, more than 705 litres of cannabis cosmetics and 416.2 kilos of plant material.
Seeds, CBD tea packaging, dog biscuits and machinery used to extract oils and make resin were among the other items secured. The estimated retail value of the substances identified as narcotics exceeds €600,000. That figure relates to the controlled substances, rather than the total value of every product and item found at the premises.
Orders were sold online
Customers placed orders through the company’s website. Once payment had been received, the logistics unit prepared and dispatched the goods. If an item was out of stock, it could be made at the company’s own laboratory. According to investigators, the owner managed the business from Thailand, while the chemical engineer oversaw the laboratory, including product formulations, composition and quality and safety checks. The company is believed to have been selling these substances since 2018.
The investigation was carried out by the Guardia Civil’s Manresa unit, with support from its Fiscal and Border Patrol and SEPRONA, the nature protection service. The case and seized materials have been placed before the Civil and Investigation Section of the Court of First Instance in Mollet del Vallès. The investigation remains ongoing.
Spain’s main unions used the November 11 general strike to send a warning to the government that will emerge from the snap election of November 29: it will have to negotiate with workers’ organizations and address their demands, regardless of its own political color. “If they reach power, they will have to reach an understanding with us,” UGT general secretary Pepe Álvarez warned, alluding to the People’s Party (PP), which is currently in the opposition but leading voting intention polls. The PP had criticized the stoppage, calling it a “preventive electoral strike” against the mainstream conservatives, led by national PP leader Alberto Núñez Feijóo.
The day unfolded across Spain under very inclement weather, with driving rain in many cities and the effects of Storm Charles, which forced the cancellation of marches scheduled in Andalusian capitals. The impact of the strike was more visible on the streets, roads and access points to logistics hubs than in stores or workplaces themselves, in part because of the extent of remote work and the mobility difficulties.
The demonstrations were overwhelmingly peaceful, although clashes were recorded in Madrid, where there were police charges, and in Barcelona. In the Catalan capital the protest descended into looting by groups of hooded individuals, who also launched pyrotechnic devices at the regional police force, the Mossos d’Esquadra, near Plaça de Catalunya. During the day there were more than 1,500 incidents across the territory involving pickets and demonstrators, according to the Interior Ministry. More than 50 people were arrested at pickets and that total rose to almost 70 in the subsequent disturbances.
Union leaders criticized the police response as excessive and for the use in some cases of pepper spray. The two main unions, CC OO and UGT, denounced disproportionate use of police force and announced they would study possible legal actions. The employer associations CEOE and Cepyme condemned the vandalism and demanded respect for the right to work of those who wished to go to their jobs.
In Madrid more than 120,000 people, according to the Government Delegation’s estimate (between 600,000 and 750,000, according to the organizers) took part in the demonstration at 6.00 pm. A tide of demonstrators defied the bad weather, from university students to government employees and pensioners, illustrating the breadth of the social concerns, which include a lack of affordable housing, low salaries and cost of living concerns. The march set off from Atocha station, passed along Gran Vía and reached Plaza de España, where a police cordon had been deployed.
Chanting “This is class struggle” and “Madrid will be the tomb of rentiers,” protesters marched through the capital’s streets in heavy rain at the end of a day of strike action that began to take shape after the eviction of Maricarmen Abascal, an 87-year-old Madrid resident who died on October 7, two weeks after being forced to leave her home. Her fight, and her call for young people to “fight for what’s yours,” inspired a prolonged encampment in Sol square and led a group called the Tenants’ Union (Sindicato de Inquilinas) to make the first call for a nationwide strike.
The unions highlighted the high turnout in industry, automotive, logistics, energy and port facilities. By contrast, public administrations, health, education and much of the services sector registered a more limited impact. The unions placed territorial participation in a range from 41% in regions such as Castilla-La Mancha and Extremadura to more than 80% in Catalonia and Andalusia.
Transportation was one of the areas most affected by the strike. The state railway company, Renfe, reported 6.83% participation among its night and morning shift workers. However, 24% of high-speed and long-distance commercial services were cancelled and 10.17% of scheduled Cercanías, Rodalies, Avant and medium-distance public services were suspended. In air travel, the airport operator Aena recorded 234 cancellations out of 4,529 scheduled flights until 10.00 am, representing 5.16% of the total.
Madrid concentrated some of the most serious incidents of the day, particularly at the wholesale food market Mercamadrid and at EMT bus depots. There were also temporary closures on roads, including the M-30, the A-42, the A-5 and the A-6. In Catalonia pickets blocked access to Barcelona and caused restrictions on the AP-7, the A-2 and the Ronda Litoral.
There was no widespread closure of retail stores. Supermarkets and major distribution chains kept their establishments open, although with staffing and schedule variations. The unions put participation at 60.8%, while employers said that small shops operated practically normally.
On television, the main national channels maintained their broadcasts, although there were two notable episodes in the public audiovisual sector: Canal Sur interrupted its programming, and RTVE Catalonia had to move the program Cafè d’idees to another set after a group of demonstrators entered the facilities.
An ‘unorthodox’ strike
Under the slogan Salaries, housing, prices, it was the first general strike called by the unions in 14 years, and even then it was viewed as “unorthodox” since it was not a response to a specific piece of legislation or to any single government body. Instead it grew out of a wave of public outrage over an eviction and out of protests organized by a group that is not a labor union. It also falls 18 days before a general election, and it comes after a train accident that has brought about “a certain shift in the country’s mood,” according to CC OO leader Unai Sordo.
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The Tenants’ Union claimed some four million people hit the streets by midday, while unions reported 90 per cent participation in the car and port industries.