The hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica has grown to its biggest size in 10 years, covering an area larger than the whole of North America at its peak. NASA and NOAA have now laid out what caused it, how scientists measured it and how far the long road to recovery has come.

The ozone hole peaked at 27.1 million square kilometres

Scientists at NASA and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) said the hole over the South Pole reached its maximum on Friday September 18, covering 27.1 million square kilometres (10.5 million square miles). That’s bigger than the whole of North America, and it makes this the largest ozone hole for a decade. 

Across the whole stretch from September 7 to October 13, it averaged 25 million square kilometres (9.6 million square miles), which is more than twice the size of the United States. At its peak it reached about 90 per cent of the biggest hole ever recorded, which came on September 9, 2000.

It’s now the seventh biggest in 48 years of monitoring, though it wasn’t as deep as the record holes of 10 to 20 years ago. It’s also a sharp jump from last year, when the hole ranked as the fifth smallest since 1992, so the swing has been enough to catch plenty of people off guard.

How scientists keep watch from the bottom of the world 

Teams at the South Pole Baseline Atmospheric Observatory launch weather balloons carrying ozone-measuring instruments, known as ozonesondes, up through the sky, with one such launch carried out on October 18. A Dobson spectrophotometer, an optical instrument, also measures the total amount of ozone overhead.

Scientists count the hole as the area where ozone falls below 220 Dobson units, which is why the map NASA released shows it in warm colours against the paler surroundings. 

Satellites have been tracking the ozone layer since 1979, with NASA’s Aura, NOAA-20, NOAA-21 and the joint NASA and NOAA Suomi NPP satellite among those named in the latest findings.

Those readings showed the thinnest point directly above the pole was 105 Dobson units on October 17. That’s the scientists’ standard measure, where 100 units would squash all the ozone overhead into a layer just one millimetre thick at ground level, and it sits well above the lowest value ever recorded over the South Pole, 92 units in October 2006. 

Weather helped the hole stay open

Every southern spring a hole opens in the ozone layer above Antarctica, and this year scientists say it simply refused to close up as quickly as usual.

The damage starts with human-made chemicals containing chlorine and bromine, which drift up into the stratosphere (the layer of atmosphere high above the weather). There, ultraviolet light breaks them down, and the freed atoms attack ozone on the surface of clouds that form in the freezing Antarctic air.

Paul Newman, a longtime leader of NASA’s ozone research team, said an unusually powerful polar vortex had “extended ozone depletion in the Antarctic this season”. NOAA’s Amy Butler explained that weak weather waves in August and September kept the strongest winds several degrees of latitude further from the pole, which let the vortex stay large and widened the area where ozone is destroyed.

Newman added that the hole could have been 1 to 2 million square miles bigger still if ozone-damaging chemicals were as common as they were at their peak in 2000.

The long-term recovery is still on track

So why aren’t scientists sounding the alarm? Because the chemicals behind the damage, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) once used in aerosols, fridges and air conditioners, were replaced under the 1987 Montreal Protocol, an international treaty. NOAA‘s Stephen Montzka said chlorine from those chemicals in the Antarctic atmosphere has now fallen by about a third from its 1980s peak.

NASA and NOAA say the layer is still expected to recover by the 2070s. That long wait is down to how stubborn the old chemicals are, as they can linger for decades in the atmosphere and inside old products and landfills. Newman also pointed out that in recent years the hole has been forming later in the season, which he said shows the ozone layer is healing. Last year’s fifth-smallest hole and this year’s big one show how much a single season’s weather can swing the picture, even as the chemistry underneath keeps improving. 

Why the ozone layer is worth guarding

High up in the stratosphere, the ozone layer acts as a shield that soaks up much of the sun’s harmful UV radiation before it reaches the ground. Thinner cover lets more through, which raises the risk of skin cancer and cataracts in people, and of damage to animals, plants and crops. That’s why scientists track the hole’s size every year, and why a swing as big as this year’s gets so much attention.

It’s also worth knowing this is a different thing from the ozone that turns up in air pollution reports. Ozone in the stratosphere protects life, while ozone at ground level is a pollutant, so the two shouldn’t be mixed up.

The findings from NASA and NOAA concern the Antarctic and don’t address any change in UV levels elsewhere. So the next test comes when the hole reforms next southern spring, when scientists will be watching to see whether it starts forming later in the season again.

Summer might be over, but that does not mean the opportunities to explore Spain have disappeared. In fact, November is one of the country’s most underrated months for a getaway, whether you are a visitor planning a holiday or a resident looking to discover somewhere new.

With the intense summer heat fading, many destinations become much more comfortable for sightseeing, walking and exploring. The roads can be quieter, popular attractions less crowded and accommodation easier to find outside the main holiday season.

November is also a particularly interesting month culturally. From chestnut festivals and traditional village celebrations to wine events, film festivals and autumn food fairs, there are plenty of reasons to get out and explore.

And while northern Spain begins to feel distinctly wintry, parts of Andalusia, the Mediterranean coast and the Canary Islands can still enjoy daytime temperatures approaching or exceeding 20C.

Here are 10 beautiful Spanish destinations worth putting on your November travel list.

1. Seville, Andalusia: Enjoy the city without the summer heat

Seville is one of the best places to visit in November if you want sunshine alongside history, architecture and outdoor dining.

During summer, temperatures can soar above 40C, making lengthy sightseeing excursions uncomfortable. November is a different proposition, with much more manageable conditions for exploring the city’s magnificent landmarks.

The spectacular Plaza de España, the Royal Alcázar and Seville Cathedral are all worth visiting, while the narrow streets of the Santa Cruz neighbourhood are perfect for an afternoon wander.

2. Inca, Mallorca: Experience one of the island’s biggest traditional fairs

Mallorca might be famous for its beaches, but November is an opportunity to experience the island’s traditional inland towns and villages.

One of the biggest events in the Balearic calendar is Dijous Bo, held in Inca. Taking place on Thursday, November 19 in 2026, this enormous agricultural and commercial fair attracts visitors from across Mallorca.

The event brings together traditional produce, livestock displays, local crafts, machinery, food stalls and market traders, transforming the town into a huge celebration of Mallorcan life.

It is a particularly good opportunity for residents to discover a different side of the island beyond its coastal resorts.

3. Potes, Cantabria: A spectacular mountain town with a food festival

For a completely different November experience, head north to Potes, a beautiful mountain town surrounded by the spectacular Picos de Europa.

Its cobbled streets, traditional stone buildings and mountain scenery make it one of Cantabria’s most attractive destinations.

November is particularly interesting because of the annual Fiesta del Orujo, taking place from November 13 to 15 in 2026.

The celebration is dedicated to orujo, a traditional spirit produced from grape skins. Visitors can discover the distillation process, sample local specialities and enjoy music and festivities throughout the town.

The surrounding Liébana valley is also worth exploring, with its traditional villages, mountain landscapes and regional gastronomy.

Pack warmer clothing, as November can be cold and wet in northern Spain, but the atmosphere and scenery make this a wonderful seasonal escape.

4. Ambroz Valley, Extremadura: See Spain’s spectacular autumn colours

If you want to see some of Spain’s most beautiful autumn scenery, the Ambroz Valley in northern Extremadura deserves attention.

Its forests and hillsides become a spectacular mixture of golden, red and brown shades during autumn. The annual Otoño Mágico, or Magical Autumn, runs until November 29 in 2026 and has been recognised as a Festival of International Tourist Interest.

The programme includes guided walks, traditional food tastings, mushroom-related activities, concerts, theatre, cycling routes and cultural events across the valley.

5. Moreda, Asturias: Celebrate San Martín with traditional food and music

November is a wonderful time to discover Asturias, particularly if you enjoy traditional food and authentic local celebrations.

On November 11, the town of Moreda in the municipality of Aller celebrates the Fiesta de los Humanitarios, also known as the Festival of San Martín.

The traditional event combines religious celebrations, Asturian bagpipe music, decorated carts and plenty of regional food. One of the highlights is the opportunity to enjoy fabada, Asturias’ famous rich bean stew, alongside other local specialities.

6. Ourense, Galicia: Warm up in natural thermal waters

For anyone who enjoys a relaxing break, Ourense is an excellent November destination.

The Galician city is particularly famous for its natural thermal waters, with several bathing areas around the River Miño. The Outariz thermal complex is among the best-known places to experience the city’s bathing culture, with outdoor pools that are especially appealing when the air becomes cooler.

November 11 is also an important date locally, with the celebration of San Martiño. Known as the Magosto, the traditional chestnut celebration brings people together to enjoy roasted chestnuts, wine and seasonal food.

7. Tenerife: Experience the unusual San Andrés celebrations

If escaping colder weather is your priority, Tenerife is one of Spain’s strongest November choices.

The island generally enjoys much warmer conditions than mainland Spain, making it possible to enjoy coastal walks, outdoor restaurants and sightseeing without the intense heat of summer. However, November also offers a fascinating cultural reason to visit.

On November 29, traditional San Andrés celebrations take place in different parts of Tenerife. In Icod de los Vinos, one of the most unusual traditions involves people sliding down steep streets on wooden boards during the famous Fiesta de las Tablas.

Meanwhile, Puerto de la Cruz celebrates Los Cacharros, when people drag strings of old tins and metal objects through the streets, creating an enormous amount of noise. The celebrations also mark the arrival of the new wine, with roasted chestnuts and local produce adding to the festivities.

8. Córdoba, Andalusia: Explore extraordinary architecture in comfortable temperatures

Córdoba is another Andalusian destination that is arguably more enjoyable once summer has passed.

Its historic centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, with the extraordinary Mezquita-Cathedral among Spain’s most impressive architectural attractions. Visitors can also explore the Roman Bridge, the Jewish Quarter and the Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos.

November is an excellent time to wander through the city’s narrow streets, stop for traditional Andalusian food and enjoy its historic courtyards without the oppressive summer temperatures.

Thomas Markle, the estranged father of the Duchess of Sussex, has been arrested in Florida and charged with possessing child sexual abuse material after investigators searched two storage units in California. The case began with a disturbing discovery among his belongings in the Philippines, reportedly made by a family member, and has now become a federal investigation involving the FBI.

Markle, 82, was taken into custody on Friday, November 6, and faces one federal count of possession of child pornography. Prosecutors say officers seized around 78 items from the two storage units, including slides, film negatives and books containing suspected abuse material. The allegations have caused further distress for Meghan, who has previously said she kept her father away from her children to protect them. 

FBI traced the investigation to two storage units

According to the criminal complaint, US investigators received information in October from witnesses about suspected material among Markle’s possessions in the Philippines. One person had signed an affidavit describing its discovery, while another told the FBI that Markle rented a storage unit in the Los Angeles area. Agents obtained search warrants and examined two units registered to Markle. He had rented both since 2008 and had continued paying for them, with the latest payments made in October this year, according to the Justice Department.

The FBI seized approximately 27 items from one unit and 51 from the second. The materials included slides, film negatives and books. The affidavit says investigators identified suspected child sexual abuse images among the film negatives and describes photographs which they allege show Markle with prepubescent girls. A witness who had known him since the 1970s identified the adult man in two images as Markle, according to the court document.

The investigation is continuing and the material has not all been reviewed. The affidavit says agents had identified around 18 suspected images in one collection of film negatives at the time it was prepared. The 78 items seized should not be mistaken for 78 confirmed images. The criminal complaint sets out allegations supporting the charge; it is not a finding of guilt.

Arrested at Florida care facility

Markle was arrested in Lakeland, Florida, where he had been living after returning from the Philippines earlier this year. He appeared before a federal magistrate in Tampa on Friday and did not enter a plea. He was released on bond and returned to his assisted-living facility under home detention and electronic monitoring. Conditions also restrict his travel and access to internet-connected devices, according to reports of the court hearing.

He is required to undergo health evaluations. The case is expected to proceed in California, where the charge was filed.  If convicted, Markle could face a maximum sentence of 20 years in federal prison. He is presumed innocent unless and until proven guilty in court. The US Department of Justice has stressed that the complaint contains allegations only.

Meghan said she kept her children away to protect them

The arrest follows weeks of reports about the investigation in the Philippines, where Markle had been living. The Associated Press reported that Meghan’s half-brother, Thomas Markle Jr, found a collection of suspected abuse images while clearing out their father’s former home in Cebu City and contacted police and the FBI. Markle previously denied the accusations, describing them as “sick lies”, according to Reuters. Meghan said she was “deeply distressed” by the allegations and referred to a letter sent to London police in 2018 which contained what she described as troubling claims about her father.

She said she had been assured the allegations were being investigated. Meghan also addressed years of speculation about the estrangement, saying her decision to keep her father away from her and her children had been made to protect them.  There has been no public comment from Meghan’s representative on Friday’s arrest. The FBI investigation remains active, while the criminal case will determine whether the allegations can be proved in court.